{"id":4347,"date":"2026-03-02T10:09:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T04:39:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/a-comprehensive-survey-on-cloud-computing-concepts-challenges-and-future-directions-2\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T11:46:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T06:16:13","slug":"bridging-accuracy-and-efficiency-in-facial-expression-recognition-an-adaptive-swarm-intelligence-framework-for-resource-constrained-environments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/bridging-accuracy-and-efficiency-in-facial-expression-recognition-an-adaptive-swarm-intelligence-framework-for-resource-constrained-environments\/","title":{"rendered":"Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Facial Expression Recognition: An Adaptive Swarm Intelligence Framework for Resource-Constrained Environments"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4347\" class=\"elementor elementor-4347\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b3d6bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b3d6bf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d724340\" data-id=\"d724340\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c722ad7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c722ad7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Facial Expression Recognition: An Adaptive Swarm Intelligence Framework for Resource-Constrained Environments<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c9a41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"12c9a41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"author\" href=\"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/bridging-accuracy-and-efficiency-in-facial-expression-recognition-an-adaptive-swarm-intelligence-framework-for-resource-constrained-environments\/#author\"> <em>Shweta Sharma<\/em><\/a>,\r\n   <a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/bridging-accuracy-and-efficiency-in-facial-expression-recognition-an-adaptive-swarm-intelligence-framework-for-resource-constrained-environments\/#author\"> <em> Prof. Ashok Kumar<\/em><\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n                                        <p class=\"Issue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/bridging-accuracy-and-efficiency-in-facial-expression-recognition-an-adaptive-swarm-intelligence-framework-for-resource-constrained-environments\/\">Vol 10 ,  Issue 1 , December 2025<\/a><span class=\"pipe\"> | <\/span>Pages: 13-19\r\n                                        <\/p>\r\n                                        \r\n                    <p class=\"doi\">DOI: <a href=\"#\"><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n                                        <p class=\"Published\"><span class=\"articledate\">Published Online: December, 2025<\/span><\/p>\r\n                                <p class=\"Download\">        <a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Artical-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download Article<\/a><\/p>\r\n                    \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eb397b elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"1eb397b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t        <div data-scroll-on-click=\"no\" data-scroll-speed=\"300\" id=\"eael-advance-tabs-1eb397b\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active  active-caret-on\" data-tabid=\"1eb397b\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav\">\n                <ul class=\"\" role=\"tablist\">\n                                            <li id=\"author\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"author-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                            \n                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Author Affiliations<\/span>                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"abstract\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"abstract-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                            \n                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Abstract<\/span>                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"references\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"references-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                            \n                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >References<\/span>                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"citation\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger eael-tab-nav-item\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"citation-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                            \n                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title title-after-icon\" >Citation<\/span>                                                    <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"author-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"author-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p class=\"Author-bg\"><b>Author Details<\/b><\/p><div class=\"card-body table-responsive\"><div class=\"autinfo\"><b class=\"sn\">1. <\/b><strong>Shweta Sharma, <\/strong>Research Scholar, College of Computing Science &amp; Information Technology Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, Uttar Pradesh, India<\/div><div class=\"autinfo\"><b class=\"sn\">2. <\/b><strong>Prof. Ashok Kumar, <\/strong>Professor, College of Computing Science &amp; Information Technology Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, Uttar Pradesh, India<\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"abstract-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"abstract-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Facial expression recognition (FER) systems confront major computational hurdles due to high-dimensional feature spaces, limiting their application on resource-constrained devices. This research offers a unique Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Opposition-Based Learning (PSO-AOBL) framework for optimal feature selection in FER systems. The suggested adaptive technique prevents premature convergence while preserving quick optimization performance by dynamically initiating opposition-based learning based on swarm diversity. Three benchmark datasets\u2014CK+, FER2013, and JAFFE\u2014are used to assess our methodology. Experimental results show PSO-AOBL reduces features by 73% (from 3,918 to 1,050 features) and inference time by 75% while achieving 94.2% accuracy on the CK+ dataset. Compared to normal PSO, our technique offers 2.1% accuracy improvement and 43% faster convergence.<\/p><p class=\"keywords\">Keywords<\/p><p>Facial expression recognition, feature selection, particle swarm optimization, swarm intelligence, computational efficiency.<\/p>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"references-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"references-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>[1] S. Li and W. Deng, &#8220;Deep facial expression recognition: A survey,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Affective Comput.<\/em>, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1195-1215, 2022.<\/p><p>[2] A. Mollahosseini et al., &#8220;AffectNet: A database for facial expression,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Affective Comput.<\/em>, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 18-31, 2019.<\/p><p>[3] Y. Zhang et al., &#8220;Relative uncertainty learning for facial expression recognition,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. NeurIPS<\/em>, pp. 17616-17627, 2021.<\/p><p>[4] M. Ghosh et al., &#8220;Feature selection for facial expression recognition: A review,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Expert Syst. Appl.<\/em>, vol. 189, article 116077, 2022.<\/p><p>[5] I. Guyon and A. Elisseeff, &#8220;An introduction to variable and feature selection,&#8221;\u00a0<em>J. Mach. Learn. Res.<\/em>, vol. 3, pp. 1157-1182, 2003.<\/p><p>[6] G. Chandrashekar and F. Sahin, &#8220;A survey on feature selection methods,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Computers Elect. Eng.<\/em>, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 16-28, 2014.<\/p><p>[7] L. Yu and H. Liu, &#8220;Efficient feature selection via analysis of relevance and redundancy,&#8221;\u00a0<em>J. Mach. Learn. Res.<\/em>, vol. 5, pp. 1205-1224, 2004.<\/p><p>[8] M. Dash and H. Liu, &#8220;Feature selection for classification,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Intell. Data Anal.<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 131-156, 1997.<\/p><p>[9] M. Dorigo et al., &#8220;Ant colony optimization,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag.<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 28-39, 2006.<\/p><p>[10] R. Poli et al., &#8220;Particle swarm optimization: An overview,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Swarm Intell.<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-57, 2007.<\/p><p>[11] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, &#8220;Particle swarm optimization,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE ICNN<\/em>, pp. 1942-1948, 1995.<\/p><p>[12] J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart, &#8220;A discrete binary version of PSO,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE SMC<\/em>, pp. 4104-4108, 1997.<\/p><p>[13] B. Xue et al., &#8220;PSO for feature selection: A multi-objective approach,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Cybern.<\/em>, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1656-1671, 2013.<\/p><p>[14] X. Jiang et al., &#8220;DFEW: A large-scale database for dynamic facial expressions,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. ACM MM<\/em>, pp. 2881-2889, 2020.<\/p><p>[15] M. M. Kabir et al., &#8220;A new hybrid ant colony optimization algorithm,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Expert Syst. Appl.<\/em>, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 3747-3763, 2012.<\/p><p>[16] H. R. Tizhoosh, &#8220;Opposition-based learning: A new scheme,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. CIMCA<\/em>, pp. 695-701, 2005.<\/p><p>[17] P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, &#8220;Facial action coding system,&#8221; Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978.<\/p><p>[18] T. Ojala et al., &#8220;Local binary patterns,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. PAMI<\/em>, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 971-987, 2002.<\/p><p>[19] N. Dalal and B. Triggs, &#8220;Histograms of oriented gradients,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE CVPR<\/em>, pp. 886-893, 2005.<\/p><p>[20] K. Wang et al., &#8220;Suppressing uncertainties for large-scale FER,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE CVPR<\/em>, pp. 6897-6906, 2020.<\/p><p>[21] F. Zhang et al., &#8220;Joint pose and expression modeling,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE CVPR<\/em>, pp. 3359-3368, 2022.<\/p><p>[22] Y. Li et al., &#8220;Self-supervised representation learning,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE CVPR<\/em>, pp. 3633-3642, 2021.<\/p><p>[23] K. Kira and L. A. Rendell, &#8220;A practical approach to feature selection,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. ICML<\/em>, pp. 249-256, 1992.<\/p><p>[24] I. Guyon et al., &#8220;Gene selection using support vector machines,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Mach. Learn.<\/em>, vol. 46, pp. 389-422, 2002.<\/p><p>[25] S. Ghosh et al., &#8220;Automatic group affect analysis,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Affective Comput.<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1169-1180, 2023.<\/p><p>[26] A. Kumar et al., &#8220;Feature selection using regularization methods,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Pattern Recognit. Lett.<\/em>, vol. 158, pp. 123-130, 2023.<\/p><p>[27] M. Dorigo and L. M. Gambardella, &#8220;Ant colony system,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput.<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 53-66, 1997.<\/p><p>[28] B. Xue et al., &#8220;A survey on evolutionary computation for feature selection,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput.<\/em>, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 606-626, 2016.<\/p><p>[29] J. Too et al., &#8220;Hybrid binary PSO differential evolution,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Access<\/em>, vol. 8, pp. 140753-140769, 2020.<\/p><p>[30] M. Mafarja and S. Mirjalili, &#8220;Hybrid whale optimization algorithm,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Neurocomputing<\/em>, vol. 260, pp. 302-312, 2017.<\/p><p>[31] S. Rahnamayan et al., &#8220;Opposition-based differential evolution,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput.<\/em>, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 64-79, 2008.<\/p><p>[32] H. Wang et al., &#8220;Enhancing PSO using generalized opposition-based learning,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Inf. Sci.<\/em>, vol. 181, no. 20, pp. 4699-4714, 2011.<\/p><p>[33] Q. Xu et al., &#8220;A review of opposition-based learning,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell.<\/em>, vol. 29, pp. 1-12, 2014.<\/p><p>[34] S. Ergezer et al., &#8220;Oppositional biogeography-based optimization,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE SMC<\/em>, pp. 1009-1014, 2009.<\/p><p>[35] D. Patel et al., &#8220;PSO for feature selection in FER,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE ICIP<\/em>, pp. 2145-2150, 2024.<\/p><p>[36] Z. Zeng et al., &#8220;A survey of affect recognition methods,&#8221;\u00a0<em>IEEE Trans. PAMI<\/em>, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-58, 2009.<\/p><p>[37] V. Kazemi and J. Sullivan, &#8220;One millisecond face alignment,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Proc. IEEE CVPR<\/em>, pp.<\/p>                    <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"citation-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"citation-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        <p>Sharma and A. Kumar, \u201cBridging accuracy and efficiency in facial expression recognition: An adaptive swarm intelligence framework for resource-constrained environments,\u201d <em>IPEM Journal of Computer Application &amp; Research<\/em>, vol. 10, pp. 13\u201319, Dec. 2025, doi:<\/p>                    <\/div>\n\t\t                    <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bridging Accuracy and Efficiency in Facial Expression Recognition: An Adaptive Swarm Intelligence Framework for Resource-Constrained Environments Shweta Sharma, Prof. Ashok [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4347","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4347","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4347"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4347\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4527,"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4347\/revisions\/4527"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.ipem.edu.in\/computer_applications\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}