Cyber Security: Threats, Challenges, and Emerging Defense Mechanisms

The rapid digitization of modern society has exponentially increased the attack surface for cyber threats, creating unprecedented challenges for organizations, governments, and individuals. This paper examines the current landscape of Cyber Security threats, analyses the multifaceted challenges in defending against these threats, and explores emerging defence mechanisms that leverage advanced technologies. Through comprehensive analysis of contemporary attack vectors, vulnerability exploitation patterns, and innovative defensive strategies, this research provides insights into the evolving Cyber Security ecosystem and proposes a framework for resilient Cyber defence in an increasingly interconnected world.

• Cyber Security
• Threat Intelligence
• Zero Trust Architecture
• AI-Driven Security
• Quantum Cryptography
• Defence Mechanisms

• Dr. Neelam Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Ram Chameli Chadha Vishvas Girls College, Ghaziabad, UP.
• Prof. (Dr.)Neetu Chawla, Principal, Ram Chameli Chadha Vishvas Girls College Ghaziabad, UP.

N. Srivastava and N. Chawla, “Cyber security: Threats, challenges, and emerging defense mechanisms,” IPEM Journal of Computer Application & Research, vol. 10, pp. 77–92, Dec. 2025.