Face identification for Masked and Unmasked Faces using an automated masked training set

Face identification for Masked and Unmasked Faces using an automated masked training set

Rahul Dhandhukia, Monika Shah

Vol 7 , Issue 1 , December 2022 | Pages: 34-43

Download Article

Author Details

1. Rahul Dhandhukia, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Gujarat, India
2. Monika Shah, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Gujarat, India

Facial recognition is a popular biometric authentication technique that is adopted everywhere. For the sustainability of the societal community, the COVID-19 pandemic and following viral attacks have mandated the wearing of masks at all public events and organizations. It set new standards for how existing facial recognition-based biometric identification systems must function in order to identify faces hidden behind masks. To meet this need, the researchers have attempted fixing the current algorithms and constructing new ones. Each has one or more drawbacks, such as the difficulty of identifying faces in masked images of various orientations, the expense of building a masked training set, the need to train systems using various mask colors and shapes, etc. Most tedious part here is to re-generate a dataset with different masks. This work uses machine learning and deep learning algorithms to automate the development of masked training sets and propose a model to recognize a person regardless of whether they are wearing a mask or not. With the aid of this function, industries may easily transition to new face recognition effectively

Keywords

Masked Face Recognition, Computer vision, Mask augmentation, Face recognition, Face detection, Biometric, Occlusion
  1. J. Li, Y. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Tai, J. Qian, J. Yang, C. Wang, J. Li, and F. Huang, “Dsfd: dual shot face detector,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019, pp. 5060–5069.
  2. H. Hamdi and K. Yurtkan, “Masked face recognition based on facenet pre-trained model”. F. Schroff, D. Kalenichenko, and J. Philbin, “Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2015.
  3. K. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, and Y. Qiao, “Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks”, IEEE signal processing letters, 23 (2016), pp. 1499–1503.
  4. P. Viola and M. Jones, “Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features,” in Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. CVPR 2001, vol. 1, Ieee, 2001, pp. I–I. “The database of faces”. https://cam-orl.co.uk/facedatabase.html, 2002. Accessed:2022-0926.
  5. J. Yang, D. Zhang, A. F. Frangi, and J.-y. Yang, “Two-dimensional pca: a new approach to appearance-based face representation and recognition,” IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 26 (2004), pp. 131–137.
  6. D. E. King, “Dlib-ml: A machine learning toolkit”, The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 10 (2009), pp. 1755–1758.
  7. K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, (2014).
  8. F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay, “Scikitlearn: Machine learning in Python, Journal of Machine Learning Research”, 12 (2011), pp. 2825–2830.
  9. S. O’Hara and B. A. Draper, “Introduction to the bag of features paradigm for image classification and retrieval”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1101.3354, (2011).
  10. K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for image recognition,” in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2016, pp. 770–778.
  11. I. Goodfellow, J. Pouget-Abadie, M. Mirza, B. Xu, D. Warde-Farley, S. Ozair, A. Courville, and Y. Bengio, “Generative adversarial networks”, Communications of the ACM, 63 (2020), pp. 139–144.
  12. J. Wright, A. Ganesh, S. Rao, Y. Peng, and Y. Ma, “Robust principal component analysis:Exact recovery of corrupted low-rank matrices via convex optimization,” Advances in neural information processing systems, 22 (2009).
  13. A. Colombo, C. Cusano, and R. Schettini, “Umb-db: A database of partially occluded 3d faces”, in 2011 IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops (ICCV workshops), IEEE, 2011, pp. 2113–2119.
  14. A. Savran, N. Alyuz, H. Dibeklioglu, O. C¸eliktutan, B. Gokberk, B. Sankur, and L. Akarun, “Bosphorus database for 3d face analysis”, in European workshop on biometrics and identity management”, Springer, 2008, pp. 47–56.
  15. P. J. Phillips, P. J. Flynn, T. Scruggs, K. W. Bowyer, J. Chang, K. Hoffman, J. Marques, J. Min, and W. Worek, “Overview of the face recognition grand challenge,” in 2005 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR’05), vol. 1, IEEE, 2005, pp. 947–954.
  16. K. O’Shea and R. Nash, “An introduction to convolutional neural networks”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.08458, (2015).
  17. T. Sim, S. Baker, and M. Bsat, “The cmu pose, illumination, and expression (pie) database”, in Proceedings of fifth IEEE international conference on automatic face gesture recognition, IEEE, 2002, pp. 53–58.
  18. A. Martinez and R. Benavente, “The ar face database:” Cvc technical report, 24, (1998).
  19. X. Zhang, H. Luo, X. Fan, W. Xiang, Y. Sun, Q. Xiao, W. Jiang, C. Zhang, and J. Sun, “Alignedreid: Surpassing human-level performance in person re-identification,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.08184, (2017).
  20. Y. Deng, Q. Dai, and Z. Zhang, “Graph laplace for occluded face completion and recognition”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 20 (2011), pp. 2329–2338.
  21. C. Y. Wu and J. J. Ding, “Occluded face recognition using low-rank regression with generalized gradient direction”, Pattern Recognition, 80 (2018), pp. 256–268.
  22. J. Yu, Z. Lin, J. Yang, X. Shen, X. Lu, and T. S. Huang, “Generative image inpainting with contextual attention”, in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2018, pp. 5505–5514.
  23. D. Yi, Z. Lei, S. Liao, and S. Z. Li, “Learning face representation from scratch”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.7923, (2014).
  24. Cao, L. Shen, W. Xie, O. M. Parkhi, and A. Zisserman, “Vggface2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and age”, in 2018 13th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2018), IEEE, 2018, pp. 67–74.
  25. G. B. Huang, M. Mattar, T. Berg, and E. Learned-Miller, “Labeled faces in the wild: A database forstudying face recognition in unconstrained environments”, in Workshop on faces in’Real-Life’Images: detection, alignment, and recognition, 2008.
  26. “Histograms of oriented gradients, matlab central file exchange”. https://www.mathworks.com/ matlabcentral/fileexchange/33863-histograms-of-oriented-gradients. Accessed:2022-09-26.
  27. Z. Wang, G. Wang, B. Huang, Z. Xiong, Q. Hong, H. Wu, P. Yi, K. Jiang, N. Wang, Y. Pei, et al., “Masked face recognition dataset and application”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.09093, (2020).
  28. S. Woo, J. Park, J.-Y. Lee, and I. S. “Kweon, Cbam: Convolutional block attention module”, in Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), 2018, pp. 3–19.
  29. A. S. Georghiades, P. N. Belhumeur, and D. J. Kriegman, “From few to many: Illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose”, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 23 (2001), pp. 643–660.
  30. M. S. Ejaz and M. R. Islam, “Masked face recognition using convolutional neural network”, in 2019 International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), 2019, pp. 1–6.
  31. M. S. Ejaz, M. R. Islam, M. Sifatullah, and A. Sarker, “Implementation of principal component analysis on masked and non-masked face recognition”, in 2019 1st international conference on advances in science, engineering and robotics technology (ICASERT), IEEE, 2019, pp. 1–5.
  32. W. Hariri, “Efficient masked face recognition method during the covid-19 pandemic, Signal, image and video processing,” 16 (2022), pp. 605–612.
  33. F. Ding, P. Peng, Y. Huang, M. Geng, and Y. Tian, “Masked face recognition with latent part detection”, in Proceedings of the 28th ACM international Conference on multimedia, 2020, pp. 2281–2289.
  34. M. Geng, P. Peng, Y. Huang, and Y. Tian, “Masked face recognition with generative data augmentation and domain constrained ranking”, in Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2020, pp. 2246–2254.
  35. S. Kumaar, A. Dogra, A. Majeedi, H. Gani, R. M. Vishwanath, and S. Omkar, “A supervised learning methodology for real-time disguised face recognition in the wild”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.02875, (2018).
  36. C. Li, S. Ge, D. Zhang, and J. Li, “Look through masks: Towards masked face recognition with de-occlusion distillation”, in Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2020, pp. 3016–3024.
  37. N. Alyuz, B. Gokberk, and L. Akarun, “3-d face recognition under occlusion using masked projection”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8 (2013), pp. 789– 802.
  38. E. J. He, J. A. Fernandez, B. V. Kumar, and M. Alkanhal, “Masked correlation filters for partially occluded face recognition”, in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2016, pp. 1293–1297.
  39. Q. Hong, Z. Wang, Z. He, N. Wang, X. Tian, and T. Lu,”Masked face recognition with identification association”, in 2020 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), IEEE, 2020, pp. 731–735.
  40. R. Golwalkar and N. Mehendale, “Masked-face recognition using deep metric learning and facemasknet-21”, Applied Intelligence, (2022), pp. 1–12.
  41. Y. Li, K. Guo, Y. Lu, and L. Liu, “Cropping and attention based approach for masked face recognition”, Applied Intelligence, 51 (2021), pp. 3012–3025.
  42. Z. Liu, P. Luo, X. Wang, and X. Tang, “Large-scale celebfaces attributes (celeba) dataset”, Retrieved August, 15 (2018), p. 11.
  43. J. Deng, J. Guo, E. Ververas, I. Kotsia, and S. Zafeiriou, “Retinaface: Single-shot multilevel face localisation in the wild”, in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2020, pp. 5203–5212. “face-recognition 1.3.0”. https://pypi.org/project/face-recognition/. Accessed:2022-09-26.
  44. Y. Zhu, H. Cai, S. Zhang, C. Wang, and Y. Xiong, “Tinaface: Strong but simple baseline for face detection”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.13183, (2020).
X